The essential features of the first industrial revolution was the invention of machinery.The inventions took place primarily in two groups of industries - the textile industries and the metal industries.Among textile industries the cotton industry was the first to be machanised by the invention of 'the flying shuttle' by John Kay in 1733, which enabled the weaving of cloth by one man instead of two.So the output of the weavers doubled and was created an increased demand for the production of yarn.In 1767 James Hargreaves invented 'Spinning Jenny' was a compound spinning wheel capable of producing sixteen threads at once.But the yarn produced by jenny was not sufficiently strong.In 1769Richard Arkwright invented 'Water-Frame' which produced strong yarn.In 1779 Samuel Crompton invented 'mule' which combined the features of both Jenyy and Water-Frame.Later Reverend Edmund Cartwright invented 'the power loom' a weaving machine worked by mechanical power, instead of by hand.this enabled large quantities of cloth to be made in factories which need very few human resources.
The use of machines depended on the application of sufficient power.At first water power was employed.Then steam engine invented.In 1712 Thomas Newcomen devised a crude engine for British coal mines.Later in 1769 James watt invented a steam engine without the defects of the crude engine.In 1784 Henry Cort devised a method of stirring the molten iron to eliminate a larger percentage of its carbon content.It enabled the production of the tougher grade of metal known as the wrought iron in large quantitiesTwo years later Cort invented the rolling mill for the manufacture of sheet iron.Thus these invention leads to the era of steel.Another impotant feature of the industrial revolution was the rise of factory system.The new machines were bulky and expensive and could not be installed in houses and that leads to the esatblishment of factories , employing large number of workers and managed by capitalist.Another feature was the revolution in transport and communication.in the year 1825 another revolution in transport and communication started, when the railway steamship and telegraph were introduced.George Stephenson who is known as the father of locomotive , improved the locomotives.The first commercially successfull type of steamboat was produced by an American named Robert Fulton in 1807.In 1820 The french physicist Ampere discovered the electromagnetism for sending messages by wire between distant points.In 1837 system of electric telegraphy were invented almost simultaneously by three scientist by the German Karl Steinheil,by the Englishman Charles Wheatstone, and by the American Samuel Morse.It marked the beginning of new epoch in the development of the means of communication.
The use of machines depended on the application of sufficient power.At first water power was employed.Then steam engine invented.In 1712 Thomas Newcomen devised a crude engine for British coal mines.Later in 1769 James watt invented a steam engine without the defects of the crude engine.In 1784 Henry Cort devised a method of stirring the molten iron to eliminate a larger percentage of its carbon content.It enabled the production of the tougher grade of metal known as the wrought iron in large quantitiesTwo years later Cort invented the rolling mill for the manufacture of sheet iron.Thus these invention leads to the era of steel.Another impotant feature of the industrial revolution was the rise of factory system.The new machines were bulky and expensive and could not be installed in houses and that leads to the esatblishment of factories , employing large number of workers and managed by capitalist.Another feature was the revolution in transport and communication.in the year 1825 another revolution in transport and communication started, when the railway steamship and telegraph were introduced.George Stephenson who is known as the father of locomotive , improved the locomotives.The first commercially successfull type of steamboat was produced by an American named Robert Fulton in 1807.In 1820 The french physicist Ampere discovered the electromagnetism for sending messages by wire between distant points.In 1837 system of electric telegraphy were invented almost simultaneously by three scientist by the German Karl Steinheil,by the Englishman Charles Wheatstone, and by the American Samuel Morse.It marked the beginning of new epoch in the development of the means of communication.
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